VIDEO FILTERS

Antialiasing Video Filters and Reconstruction Video Filters

The main application of video filters is in the conversion from analogue to digital and digital to analogue for full broadcast standard signals. The CCIR recommendation 601 specifies the filters to be used. These  video filters are usually referred to as antialiasing and reconstruction video filters.

Anti Aliasing Filters

In sampling theory the Nyquist rule that the minimum sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the signal to be retained is used. As video filters cannot have an infinite cut off rate (if they did unacceptable time domain ringing would be introduced) a sampling frequency slightly greater than twice is usually chosen. Before sampling, the bandwidth of the signals should be limited to restrict the lower side-band frequency components of the samples signal. Otherwise these may modulate with the base-band signal after conversion back to analogue. This would lead to noticeable aliasing components appearing on the picture.

Reconstruction Filters

After the digital to analogue (D-A) conversion the sampling frequency and its sidebands remains and the signals are seen as made up from discrete packets of frequencies. A reconstruction video filter removes the sampling frequency and its sidebands which results in the reconstruction of a smooth analogue signal.

The diagram below illustrates the above for a system using a normal sampling system.

Fig 1. Antialiasing Video Filters and Reconstruction Video Filters Diagram

Oversampling Video Filters

As can be seen the video filter needs to have a fairly sharp cut-off rate and hence be group delay and amplitude equalised. To reduce the complexity of the video filter it is possible in many systems to employ oversampling techniques. In standard definition video systems for the luminance channel the standard oversampling frequency is 27 MHz. A digital filter is included in the decimator to attenuate the energy from the end of the passband up to 19.25MHz. An analogue filter having a relatively slow cut-off rate and little or no equalisation can then be employed. This removes the clock frequency and the sidebands and reconstructs the signal.

Fig 2. Video Oversampling Filters Diagram

Video Filter Sinx/x Distortion

When a signal is sampled the sampling window is usually constant and hence as the frequency being sampled increases less energy is ‘collected’. This results in the signals having a loss against frequency. For a 5.5 MHz bandwidth signal sampled at 13.5 MHz the loss at 5.5 MHz is 2.56dB. The shape of the loss frequency curve is a function of frequency and is defined by an equation of sinx/x form. It is usual to include a correction for this in the passband of  reconstruction video filters.

Video Filter Timing Considerations

In many video systems, for instance with component video, the luminance and colour difference signals pass through video filters with widely different cut off frequencies. This results in the video filters having different insertion delays. In order to restore the correct timing it is necessary to delay the luminance signal by the delay difference. For a typical full CCIR rec.601 system the delay may be of the order of 600ns. As video delay lines are expensive and will add further distortion to the signal. A more elegant solution is to delay the luminance signal by a number of clock cycles in the digital domain and to either introduce a small analogue delay line or to purchase video filters which are matched in insertion delay to the nearest integer of the clock frequency. The difference in the reconstruction delay between the luminance and chrominance channels must also be taken into account.

Comprehensive Range of Video Filters

Faraday has specialised in the design and manufacture of video filters for the Professional Broadcast Industry by combining a knowledge of filter design and manufacture with a knowledge of television technology. It has the most comprehensive range of video filters available.